Its industrial jobs attracted European immigrants, most of whom initially came from Germany and Ireland, the two largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Philadelphia became a major national industrial center and railroad hub. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, when it was surpassed by New York City, and served as the nation's first capital from until Decemand on four subsequent occasions during and following the American Revolution, including from 1790 to 1800 while the new national capital of Washington, D.C. Constitution was later ratified in Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in 1774 following the Boston Tea Party, preserved the Liberty Bell, and hosted the Second Continental Congress during which the founders signed the Declaration of Independence, which historian Joseph Ellis has described as 'the most potent and consequential words in American history.' Once the Revolutionary War commenced, both the Battle of Germantown and the Siege of Fort Mifflin were fought within Philadelphia's city limits. Philadelphia went on to play a historic and vital role in the 18th century as the central meeting place for the nation's founding fathers whose plans and actions in Philadelphia ultimately inspired and resulted in the American Revolution. The city served as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony during the British colonial era. Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797. Since 1854, the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and world's 35th-largest metropolitan region, with 6.096 million residents as of 2020.

Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in the Northeast megalopolis (behind New York City), and the 67th-largest city in the world. Broad Street Line, Market–Frankford Line, PATCO Speedline

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